Monday, December 30, 2019

Medicinal Pot Prescribed By Numerous Specialists

Medicinal pot is prescribed by numerous specialists to their patients. The UK review, distributed in the International diary of clinical practice, got some information about their utilization of the medication. Very nearly 70% said cannabis fundamentally calmed their side effects. 45% said that it worked superior to anything recommended drugs. Be that as it may, the British Medical Association said it had never known about a specialist suggesting it. The review was conveyed to individuals who reached the organization GW Pharmaceuticals since they inspired by this exploration into utilizing cannabinoids as treatment. Pharmaceuticals said that that was the most broad study of restorative cannabis use among constantly sick patients led to date. The BMA needs certain cannabinoids – synthetically removed from the medication – to be authorized for more extensive restorative use. As indicated by the UK review. Individuals with the unending agony were well on the way to utilize cannabis for medicinal purposes (25%) trailed by patients with various sclerosis (22%), wretchedness (22%) joint pain (21%) and neuropathy, or nerve issue (19%). A great many people utilized the medication at any rate once every week with 33% of those reviewed said they utilized cannabis six or seven days a week. More youthful individuals, men and the individuals who had utilized cannabis recreationally were likewise more prone to utilize cannabis for therapeutic reasons. 66% said a companion, or relative hadShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay2081 Words   |  9 Pageseach agriculturist to develop pot since hemp was viewed as deliberately imperative. Nobody has ever kicked the bucket of a marijuana overdose. You may think having a lot of THC in your framework will kill you, yet you are incorrect. As far back as marijuana has been known to humankind, not one single record of death from overdose has been registered. Then again, in 2010, 38,329 individuals died from medication overdoses. 60% of those were identified with doctor-prescribed medications. In that same yearRead MoreMarijuana Is The Most Widely Recognized Illicit Medication On The Planet Essay1825 Words   |  8 Pageswidely recognized illicit medication on the planet. Many structures have been utilized for a huge number of years for therapeutic, social and stylish impacts. Universal arrangements and the laws of most nations preclude developing, offering and having pot. Weed makes an unlawful market with a sum of billions of dollars every year. A great many people are captured for having the medication and number of detainees got to jail for offering it. Today, the question would be whether to change the laws to makeRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1934 Words   |  8 Pagesthat the laws are causing more people health to get affected by it not being legalized to help. That if cannabis were some other medication, choices about its medicinal utilization would be dependent upon specialists and patients. Rather, today, the legislative issues of the medication war intercede. Patients and specialists who get included with therapeutic weed confront possibly grave dangers. What s more, government appears to be focused on boosting the apprehension and vulnerability confrontedRead MoreMedicinal Marijuana is Bad Idea Essay4487 Words   |  18 Pageswhich defines it as having a high potential for abuse; and no currently accepted medical use.; Marijuana is therefore classified more severely than cocaine and morphine, which as Schedule II drugs are also banned for general use, but can be prescribed by doctors. It is illegal to buy, sell, grow, or possess marijuana in the United States. Marijuana prohibition comprises a large part of the federal governments War on Drugs. Law enforcement officials made 600,000 marijuana-related arrests in 1996Read Mor eAn Impact Assessment of Science and Technology Policy on National Development of Nigeria61708 Words   |  247 Pagesan effect on the direction of scientific development itself. Furthermore, that technological advance generates new specialized skills at the interface between science and production, notably the various types of engineering skills. The new specialists were able to interpret the needs of the entrepreneur to the scientists and economic demand began to affect the orientation of science. The prime mover here is the search for profit. There is no doubt, that economic demands for innovation had

Sunday, December 22, 2019

Why High School Football Shouldnt Be Banned. - 984 Words

Vern M. Rotruck Lyndsey Daniel Comp I MWF 12:00 19 November 2014 Why High School Football Shouldn’t Be Banned. Football, ever since it began, has had the constant question of should it be banned. Footballs origins began back in ancient Greece where even then it was known as a very rough and brutal game. When football came to England it was thought to be so rough that kings Henry II and Henry IV both actually banned it. A lot has changed since those times in history. We now have equipment for the game and every year the equipment keeps evolving into a more safety conscious design for the player. Rules for the game also keep changing throughout the years with the player’s safety in mind as well. Because of these changes, it has†¦show more content†¦Other colleges will take a lower grade point average but none of them will go below a 2.5gpa. Colleges also look at high school kids ACT’s that they take to see how well they place on them. So Academic Excellence in football is a must have for each player and thus gets rid of the old day dumb jock idea that was widely popular in the earlier years of football. â€Å"Each year, the NCAA publicly announces the Graduation Success Rate of all Division I institutions, along with a similar Division II Academic Success Rate. According to the most recent Graduation Success Rate data, 82 percent of Division I freshmen scholarship student-athletes who entered college in 2004 graduated. The graduation-rate data are based on a six-year cohort prescribed by the U.S. Department of Education.† (Graduation Success Rate) For many kids a scholarship is the only way they have to be able to attend college either because their parents don’t have the money for it or else the college they are wanting is so high in tuition fees etc. that they just can’t afford it especially if it’s an out of state college. In state colleges normally run no more than about seven thousand dollars a year depending on where the individual lives. Out of state colleges c an charge a student up to twenty-five thousand dollars aShow MoreRelatedThe Possibility of College Sports Being Banned775 Words   |  3 Pagessports being banned was just a few weeks ago inside of my English 101 class. I cannot express how surprise I was when I found this out. Not in a million years I ever would of thought a activity that most athletes live by every day can just go away in a snap of a finger. How could somebody even turn professional if they have not been in the college phase yet? Questions just arise in my head when I hear about this topic. How could a promising talented basketball player leave their high school and justRead MoreSport Enhancement Drugs1667 Words   |  7 Pagesall sports, it interests me why athletes feel like it’s ok or acceptable to take drugs to enhance their performance on the field of play. Athletes are always looking for ways to improve their skills on and off the field. With the use of steroids, athletes everywhere, not just  "well-know† or â€Å"popular† athletes are putting their entire career on the line with steroid use. The use of steroids and other substances to enhance sports performance has risen to an all-time high over the last few years. SteroidsRead MoreHow Society Is Affected By Drug Usage In Sport?1540 Words   |  7 Pagesback. In the early 1990s Ben attempted to climb to the top once again. Unfortunately, in 1993, he tested positive again after a Montreal track event and was banned by the International Amateur Athletics Federation (IAAF) for life. Different sports require different rules for testing and giving out penalties, sports such as baseball, football, basketball and the Olympics require different methods of punishment because of the way the sport is structured. Baseball. Testing: Notorious for draggingRead More School Dress Codes v. The First Amendment Essay1685 Words   |  7 Pagesaround the law. Similarily, Carroll High School and other schools throughout the nation are severely restricting the students’ rights to express themselves through their visual appearance. The administration, relying on the crutch of limiting distractions and violence, is taking the dress code over the line and is infringing on our right of expression regardless of the lack of results that they are witnessing. Life is full of distractions and, for high school students, inappropriate clothing hasRead MoreSteroid Use in Sports1732 Words   |  7 PagesAround an astonishing ten to fifteen percent of professional athletes use illegal steroids which are also known as performance enhancing drugs. These substances which are banned in professional sports aren’t just any type of steroid or drug. They are called anabolic steroids or performance enhancing drugs, and they are synthetically produced substances of male testosterone hormones. The use of these illegal steroids has garnered a lot of publicity within the world of sports over the past few yearsRead MorePhysical Punishment and the Effects2297 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿Brianna Ascencio ENGWR 300 T/Th 7:30 Dr. Muà ±oz November 19, 2013 Research Paper Physical Punishment and the Effects A fearful child walks slowly, but carefully to his house from school. Walking home feels faster than usual and before he knows it, he walks into the front door as quietly as possible. He gets a sort of relief when he finds out he is home alone. Seconds later, he gets that turned feeling in his stomach again. He knows he awaits for the worst. What he has done wasn’t so badRead MoreThe Importance Of A Community1489 Words   |  6 PagesName: Callum Hutchinson Age:13 In game name: CallumOg soon to be CallumOG Do you have twitch or youtube channel:no have u previously been banned: no do u have a head set: no i just wear headphones with a mic What languages can u speak I know a little bit of Spanish. a little bit of french. My main language is English. Why do you want this rank?: I would want this rank to not only help out the community but to help out the staff. I dedicate all of my time towards the server to make a more welcomingRead MoreSlang And Its Effect On Everyday Life Essay1635 Words   |  7 Pagesstuck in our heads and we end up singing the lyrics out loud using slang almost every day. Most of the songs that we play are rap songs and I think rap songs contain the most slang words compared to any other genre. Another example would be during football practice someone might have a great play or even a terrible play, then one of their teammates or opponents might come up to them and say something like â€Å"SWEG BRO† which means that was a nice catch or run. I would say this happens more than a coupleRead MoreShould College Athletes Be Paid?2003 Words   |  9 Pagesmaking committee. The NCAA is a Non-profit organization, which is why players cannot be paid. For years the NCAA has been using the words â€Å"amateur † and â€Å"student athlete† in order for them to control and limit the benefits of these players, but while watching these players it is clear to tell they are far from amateur in a skill level perspective, which is shown when they garner the attentions of millions every Saturday during football season or during March Madness. College athletes are money makingRead MoreTexting And Driving Should Not Be Banned2214 Words   |  9 Pageshands creating their own laws. For an example Texas has created a law if people use their phone is a marked school zone, they will then be fined 200 hundred dollars. Oklahoma has banned the use of phones for intermediate drivers that only have a permit. Arizona has banned 16-21 years of age from using their phones in work or school zones. And lastly Louisiana has chosen to restrict in school zones and while on the roads they must be respectable of others surrounding them. As of right now there are

Saturday, December 14, 2019

Christianity and Buddhism Free Essays

Two different faiths; Christianity and Buddhism. These two religions that have pillars centered on Jesus Christ and Gautama Buddha respectively. Christianity has had a wide influence, stretching across the world and with leading figures like President George Bush (USA), Senator Hillary Clinton, and even the Pope, a spiritual leader of the Catholic Church and head of the Vatican sate. We will write a custom essay sample on Christianity and Buddhism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Buddhism, though mostly predominant in the orient world, has penetrated the Western cultures, Hollywood’s Richard Gere, Tina Turner, and L. A Lakers coach, Phil Jackson have identified with the Buddhists Faith through its spiritual leader the Dalai Lama. These two faiths have parallels. In contrast or comparison the two faiths meet and also depart at the foundational level of the very pillars of Jesus Christ and Gautama Buddha. The Differences At the very moment of birth Jesus Christ was born in a manger in the midst of want and desolation. According to biblical scriptures he was born among the poor. Gautama Buddha on the other hand, was born in a palace where his father who was the ruler of a region within present day Nepal, made sure that he lived within the pleasures and wealth of his empire. In addition, Buddha lived as a prince, as royalty whereas Christ was born into a family where the father figure was a carpenter and he had to learn the skills of carpentry. The divinity of Jesus Christ has a divergence from that of Buddha. Jesus Christ claimed that he was the only Son of God. The bible in many of its texts reaffirms this divinity; to a tune of calling Jesus Christ, the â€Å"presence of God† as man. Buddha However, claimed no divinity in person. Only that about 700 years after Buddha passed on, Mahayana Buddhism attached divinity to the character of Gautama. . Buddha worked out no miracles, signs or wonders. The bible however, in the New Testament is wrought with events of miracles of Jesus Christ. From the beginning of the synoptic Gospel or Matthew, through Mark, Luke and John, the Lord Jesus Christ healed the afflicted stopped and calmed a raging sea among other miracles. Jesus Christ, speaking on the mount espoused and blessed â€Å"those who hunger and thirst for righteousness for they shall be satisfied†. He encouraged his followers to â€Å"seek first the kingdom of God and his righteousness and all other things would be added unto them (who believed)†. However Buddha saw the need of eliminating craving and desire and as such attains enlightment. Jesus Christ said â€Å"I am the Way, the Truth and the Life†. Buddha however, took the role of a guide, a religious â€Å"Way Shower†. Buddha had a means to the nirvana for the believer, but each believer had to find his or her own path Buddha is buried in the Himalaya Mountains, at Kusinara. He never resurrected. After crucifixion and death, Christ resurrected on the third day triumphing over death and sin. The Similarities The Buddhist scriptures tell of Buddha’s mother, Mahamaya, being made to carry child Buddha in her womb through the power of the â€Å"holy Spirit†. Also a â€Å"heavenly messenger’ informed Mahamaya of the way she was to bear the â€Å"son of the highest kings. † Many other events followed the birth of Buddha like the appearance of the â€Å"flower Star† in the East, and also a group of angelic messengers celebrated the birth of Buddha. The birth of Christ is foretold in the scriptures of the bible as the mother Mary was made to conceive through the â€Å"immaculate conception† of the Holy Spirit. Angels also ministered unto Mary telling her that she would bear a son who would redeem the world. In addition the star of the east shone bright and did guide the three Magi to see and proclaim the birth of the â€Å"king of Kings†At the birth of Jesus Christ King Herod set out to kill all the male firstborns with a view of eliminating any possible challenger to his throne. Not forgetting that Virgin Mary Mother of Jesus had to run and hide the kid Jesus from the executioners. For the case of Buddha he was born of a Virgin called Maya. King Bimbasara wanted him dead as he thought that Buddha would one day ascend the throne. Buddha amazed the wizened old men and priests of the temple just as Jesus Christ did to the Pharisees and teachers of the Mosaic Law; both achieved this at the age of 12. James Hastings, in the book encyclopedia of religion and ethics page 883 tells of Buddha demanding of his disciples that they renounce all forms of worldly possessions. â€Å"The number of the disciples increased rapidly, and Gautama sent forth his monks on missionary tours hither and thither, bidding them wonder everywhere, preaching the doctrine, and teaching them to order their lives with self restraints, simplicity and charity†. On the other hand Jesus Christ called â€Å"to himself the twelve disciples sending them out two by two. So they went out and preached that men should repent Mark 6:7-12†. According to the book of Mathew 28:19, Jesus Christ was part of a trinity. The Chinese (1836) alludes to the fact that Buddha is part of trinity. Indeed the two are part of trinities expressed in both religions. At birth Buddha was declared divine as was Jesus Christ. The book of Mathew, tells of the Magi who came to present Jesus with gifts and worshipping him as divine. On the other hand the divinity of Buddha was bestowed on him according to the Buddhist faith. The book of Matthew 2:2 has an angel announcing the birth of Jesus Christ. Buddha’s birth was also foretold by a celestial body. They both claimed to be royal descent. Jesus Christ traced his bloodline to that of King David. Buddha, whose father is Sodhodana, has the royalty also traced to the first dynasty of Maha Sammata. At the birth Christ was presented with gifts of myrrh, frankincense and gold. On the other hand, Buddha received precious substances and priceless Jewels. The synoptic gospel of Matthew tails of the transfiguration of Jesus Christ on the mountain. For Buddha, it also happened on a mountain where â€Å"A flame of light engulfed his head, shining as the sun or moon†. The scriptures tell of the â€Å"angels† praising in heaven at their birth. For Jesus, the bible records, â€Å"Glory to God in the highest and on earth peace, goodwill among men†. For Buddha it is written â€Å"Today, Bodhisattva is born on earth, to give joy and peace to men and Devas (angels), to shed light on the dark places, and to give sight to the blind†. De Bunsen, in page 45 notes that Buddha was baptized in the presence of the spirit of God. Jesus Christ in Matthew 3:16 is baptized in the presence of the spirit of God. According to Max. Muller in the book ‘Introduction to the Science of Religion’, two very similar incidences happened in the lives of Jesus and Buddha. Muller explains â€Å"Ananda, the disciple of Buddha, after a long walk in the country, meets with Matangi, a woman of the low caste of the Kandalas, near a well and asks her for some waters. She tells him what she is and that she must not come near him. Ananda replies â€Å"my sister, I ask not for your caste or family, I ask only for a drought of water. She afterwards becomes a disciple of Buddha. † The bible on the other hand tells the story of the Samaritan woman. According to the book of John 4:7-9 â€Å"there came a woman of Samaria to draw water Jesus said to her; â€Å"give me a drink† for his disciples had gone to the city to buy food. The Samaritan woman said to him â€Å"how is it that you, a Jew, ask a drink of me, a woman of Samaria? † for Jews have no dealing with Samaritans, They launched their careers at an almost similar age. It’s at age 29 that Buddha â€Å"went to the garden, saw a monk who was calm, tranquil, self possessed, serene and dignified. The prince, (Buddha, determined to become such a monk†. The Christian book says â€Å"Jesus, when he begun his ministry, was about 30 years of age†. Both were tempted by the devil. In Matthew 4:10, â€Å"All these I will give you if you worship me† Christ was told. And Buddha was told† go not forth to adopt a religious life but return to your kingdom and in seven days you shall become emperor of the world, riding over four continents†. Both celebrated overcoming evil, for Jesus, according to Matthew 4:11 the â€Å"angels come and ministered to him†. For Buddha, â€Å"The skies rained flowers, as delicious odors prevailed in the air† EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Perhaps the best conclusion to these differences and similarities are the actions made in the lives and times of these men. And this has to do with expressing faith where skepticism abounds. So another similarity among the two men is; â€Å"come†, so Peter got out of the boat and walked on the water and came to Jesus, but when he saw the wind he was afraid, and beginning to sink he cried out. â€Å"Lord, save me! † as shown in Matthew 14:29-30. Buddha showed skeptical villagers his disciple walking across a river without sinking†. In addition some incidences attest to the similarity of their situation like the time that Buddha took a purifying birth in the river Nerajara, just as Christ Jesus too was baptized in the river Jordan. The bible recounts the journey of Christ riding on a donkey with fronds of palm spread out for him on the way. Though slightly different the story of Buddha is centered on his riding a horse, with flowers being tossed by angels. Jesus Christ was poor, lacking in earthly possessions and encouraging the wealthy to â€Å"sell all they had and follow him. † Buddha was no different; he took an oath of embracing poverty and even wondered home Less, advising his disciples, who were 12 as those of Jesus, â€Å"to travel without money, trusting to the aid of providence†. 1. http://www. probe. org 2. http://www. lucidcafe. com 3. http://www. encyclopedia. farlex. com/buddhist. 4. http://www. moonpointer. com 5. http://www. songha. org/index. html How to cite Christianity and Buddhism, Papers

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Human Resource In Uber Company Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Human Resource In Uber Company. Answer: News Story Description Uber is a company in Australia which deals with the transport of customers to different places. This industry links various drivers, driver-partners,' who normally use their vehicles to ferry customers who may require the ride. It was initially started in the USA in 2010 but later copied to Australia in 2012 and has since flourished from then (Mattern, 2017). The drivers are not covered by the employer in whichever case, either insurance or any other work policy covers needed for their survival in the industry. Many organizations in the world do not value their employees as required (Lee, 2017). A good example is the Uber Australia which has more than 60,000 drivers and specifically calls for driver partnerships. It has been reported that the organization is settling unfair dismal claims to its drivers claiming that they should remain contractual, a factor that has made them feel as if they are in exile and being misused for the specific reason. According to the AFR, the company has admitted that the reason why they treat their drivers in such ways is that the latter does not qualify to be employees and thus they should remain to work on the contractual basis (Michael, 2016). Rideshare drivers association filed another case for being mistreated by the Uber Australia too. A spokesperson from Uber Australia was clearly heard claiming that the main purpose of the regulation could not be achieved whenever the drivers purposed to avoid the employment regulations and thus they should remain to wo rk on the contractual basis. Other companies have also evolved to challenge the drivers' mistreatments and assured of fighting for their rights. Rideshare Drivers United pushed forward for an investigative exercise through an ombudsman to research and came up with a clear evidence where the conditions under which drivers are treated really meet the federal industrial relations laws of the Australian government. All these advocacy groups are actually fighting for the drivers rights, claiming that they should be treated as fully pledged employees and not as contractors. According to Fairfax Media, there is the likelihood of settling these disputes whenever these drivers get tested by authorities and acknowledged as employees. Uber Australia believes that their driver-partners can lose work if they are found violent or providing the unconducive environment to the riders. This policy has been established to ensure that the customers are treated in a a more human and fair manner and to ensure security to both the rid ers and their customers. However, the need for an agreement between the rivers and the management of the company must get emphasized to ensure a proper understanding between the two parts hence avoiding conflicts. Human Resource Issues Raised in the Article The rise of popularity of Uber has been accompanied by various legal arguments and rulings from various authorities. The issues raised in the article here are concerned with the various roles of human resource department, though the Uber Company has not yet implemented them. This part is explained in close reference to theories of leadership for the management of the company. These theories include the trait theory of leadership, behavioral leadership theories, and the contingency theories. These issues are discussed below: Reduced Rights to the employees Most of the people have been heard claiming that the rights of the riders and drivers are being diminished. One of them is that Uber Australia is not allowed to hold a valid workers compensation policy by the government of Australia simply because it employs its workers on the contractual basis (Warhurst, Mathieu, Wright, 2017). The company could only possess this policy if only its employees are permanently employed. This has been a disadvantage to the drivers since their work security is not guaranteed. It is the role of the Human Resource in any given company to ensure the well-being of the employees and provide enough security, both physically and financially, a role that has been violating in Uber Australia Company (Palmer, 2017). Uber views drivers and the organizational management as two different entities which cannot correlate in whichever way. Their proper correlation on how to serve the customers properly is considered as the best strategy to improving the company reputat ion to the country hence winning broader market base. Poor insurance compensation policies Drivers, in this case, are always at risk simply because whenever they encounter accidents while driving there is no one to cater for such expenses. They can only be helped by the compulsory third party (CTP) insurance policy which has no relationship with the company. This is the reason as to why these Uber drivers are seen to be fighting for employment rights. Many insurance companies seem to reject these covers when they come to realize that the driver got an accident while driving an illegal vehicle (Sparrow Chung, 2016). Poor employee safety management Uber drivers have been deprived of safety measures which should be guaranteed to them by the human resource department. For example, Mr. Harries, 39 who has been a driver in the company and could drive for more than 70hrs weekly had a story to tell. He explained that he was on his way to Brisbane airport for a customer when he was beaten on his face by a man who was a customer of another Uber car driver for no good reason (Cogger, 2014). The other driver did not defend him despite having been worked together for some time. After reporting the matter to both the police and to Uber, no action was taken. Uber deactivated him. This company used the contract factor to employees in order to evade workers satisfaction and not to be attached to various obligations such as employees compensation (Plenter, 2017). Improper termination of riders contracts by the company Being on contractual basis means that the drivers are not fully employed and that their contracts can be terminated anytime, under whichever circumstances. This uncertainty keeps the workers always worried about their job security and to some extent psychologically tortured in one way or another. Uber had not actually been able to complete risk assessment tests on whether its workers are employees or contractors until when AFR brought it to light that the company deals with contractors in order to avoid various risks. Demotivation of Uber Riders Riders have suffered humiliation in various ways to the point of even leaving the job for greener pastures. At least at the end of every financial period, there should be employee appraisal in order to ensure that there is a positive competition among the employees, a factor which can lead to increased output and profits in the company. Instead of motivating the riders, the human resource management has remained to neglect and overlooking these employees. They have encountered demotivation severally since the company doesnt acknowledge them as fully pledged employees but rather as contractors. Recommendations and Conclusion Based on the above issues facing Uber operations for the company, the following actions should be taken in order to resolve these issues: Uber should employ its workers on the permanent basis, cater for their welfare and always listen to their grievances. Correlation should be enhanced among the employees for it will promote teamwork and realization of high yields in the organization. It is the role of the managers to set strategies on how the company should perform its tasks, laying its set goals and objectives as far as the human capital management is concerned (Cogger, 2014). Organizational process systems should be formulated to enhance good employee voice, which Uber Company has abandoned for long. The safety of the staff and their partnerships should always be the priority to any company. This is a duty to be carried out by the human resource department. It has been noticed with a lot of concern that Uber has rubbished these obligations and there seems to be an upcoming legal fight since the rights of workers should be considered under whichever circumstances. This misuse of workers has made the Uber Company to have been worked by hundreds of thousands of employees, with only about 60,000 being left to try their luck since it arrived in the country in the year 2012. Uber Australia has many employees whose grievances must get listened to for the company to thrive and enhance sustainability in the market. The employer should also meet the employees demand proper and fair treatment by the management of the company so as to get motivated and gain morale for performing their duties to the customers appropriately. In conclusion, every work needs attention and whenever the rights of the workers are violated, it automatically translates to the reduced overall output at the end of the financial period. Human resource department has the mandate to ensure that everything goes well and no one is misused in whichever circumstance, may it be the workers or the managers. The reason as to why many employees are violated is only because they have not teamed up and raised their issues to the management as it is said that a divided house cannot stand by itself. References Cogger, H. (2014). Reptiles and amphibians of Australia. Csiro Publishing. Davis, P. (2016). How Do Sharing Economy Companies Grow? A Comparison of Internal and External Growth Patterns of Airbnb and Uber. Hatzinger, M., Fesenko, A., Sohn, M. (2014). The first human laparoscopy and NOTES operation: Dimitrij Oscarovic Ott (1855-1929). Urologia Internationalis, 92(4), 387-391. Lee, H., Osborne, M. (2017). Organisational redesign for the digital age. Governance Directions, 69(7), 415. Mattern, S. (2017). Mappings Intelligent Agents. Places Journal. Michael, K. (2016). When Uber Cars Become Driverless:" They Won't Need No Driver." IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, 35(2), 5-10. Nicholson, D., Pekarek, A., Gahan, P. (2017). Unions and collective bargaining in Australia in Journal of Industrial Relations, 0022185617697760. Palmer, G. (2017). Energetic Implications of a Post-industrial Information Economy: The Case Study of Australia. BioPhysical Economics and Resource Quality, 2(2), 5. Plenter, F., Fielt, E., Hoffen, M., Chasin, F., Rosemann, M. (2017). Repainting the business model canvas for peer-to-peer sharing and collaborative consumption Rimmer, M. (2017). Intellectual property and self-driving cars: Waymo vs Uber: Supplementary submission to the House of Representatives Standing Committee on Industry, Innovation, Science and Resources' inquiry into the social issues relating to land-based driverless vehicles in Australia. Sparrow, P., Brewster, C., Chung, C. (2016). Globalizing human resource management. Routledge. Weber, W., Festing, M., Dowling, P. J. (Eds.). (2013). Management and International Review: Cross-Cultural and Comparative International Human Resource Management. Springer Science Business Media. Warhurst, C., Mathieu, C., Wright, S. (2017). Workplace Innovation and the Quality of Working Life in an Age of Uberisation. In Workplace Innovation (pp. 245-259). Springer International Publishing.

Thursday, November 28, 2019

176212595250 Essays - Beer Judge Certification Program, Homebrewing

176212595250 High Desert Brewers " Brew News " February 2016 00 High Desert Brewers " Brew News " February 2016 -47625809625 Greetings Members and Guests, We hope you are surviving, the cold and snowy winter we are experiencing this yearSpring is on it's way Some new additions for the Club: Eric has put together a new web site highdesertbrewers.wordpress.com that we hope will increase our ability to communicate with the Membership, Our Facebook page also has a new look as well and we are working to respond to the request from membership. Contact us with your requests , HYPERLINK "mailto:[emailprotected]" [emailprotected] [emailprotected] Valentines Party Feb. 14 th Keefers Island Restaurant- Bob and Kathy Beckwith have gone to great lengths to make this annual event a success , We hope that you can make it. We are also hoping to update our Membership contact information at that time as well. Summer Picnic update- we have been looking for a good place to have a good old fashioned Family Picnic and should have that location finalized soon. We want to make sure there is a room for fun and games for adults and children. Keep in touch and we will let you know the details Chuckars Ball game day: Member, Aubrey Wieber has stepped up to the "plate" and has volunteered to be the lead person on this annual Club Event. This is one you sure don't want to miss, the Club will pay you admission and also provide you with tickets for a hot dog and two (2) ice cold beers, and as usual we will have some Swag to share with the Members.We will be announcing the time and date in the near future. Possible Club Golf outing: Bob Beckwith is pursuing the possibility of having a Golf Tournament in the fall, we will keep you informed as detail become available Eastern Idaho State Fair- Homebrew Beer Wine competition 2016 This event entering it's 21 st . year has been registered with the BJCP and the AHA and information can be obtained at the HDBA web site- highdesertbrewers.wordpress.com Thanks to all the Members and let's all work to make the Club stronger in 2016 CHEERS !!! 0 Greetings Members and Guests, We hope you are surviving, the cold and snowy winter we are experiencing this yearSpring is on it's way Some new additions for the Club: Eric has put together a new web site highdesertbrewers.wordpress.com that we hope will increase our ability to communicate with the Membership, Our Facebook page also has a new look as well and we are working to respond to the request from membership. Contact us with your requests , HYPERLINK "mailto:[emailprotected]" [emailprotected] [emailprotected] Valentines Party Feb. 14 th Keefers Island Restaurant- Bob and Kathy Beckwith have gone to great lengths to make this annual event a success , We hope that you can make it. We are also hoping to update our Membership contact information at that time as well. Summer Picnic update- we have been looking for a good place to have a good old fashioned Family Picnic and should have that location finalized soon. We want to make sure there is a room for fun and games for adults and children. Keep in touch and we will let you know the details Chuckars Ball game day: Member, Aubrey Wieber has stepped up to the "plate" and has volunteered to be the lead person on this annual Club Event. This is one you sure don't want to miss, the Club will pay you admission and also provide you with tickets for a hot dog and two (2) ice cold beers, and as usual we will have some Swag to share with the Members.We will be announcing the time and date in the near future. Possible Club Golf outing: Bob Beckwith is pursuing the possibility of having a Golf Tournament in the fall, we will keep you informed as detail become available Eastern Idaho State Fair- Homebrew Beer Wine competition 2016 This event entering it's 21 st . year has been registered with the BJCP and the AHA and information can be obtained at the HDBA web site- highdesertbrewers.wordpress.com Thanks to all the Members

Monday, November 25, 2019

Wringhim chararcter analysis essays

Wringhim chararcter analysis essays James Hoggs classic novel, The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner, portrays the fictional story of Robert Wringhim, a strong Calvinist who justifies murder by quickening the inevitable. Robert commits infamous acts of evil, believing that these murderous actions glorify God by annihilating sinners not chosen to be saved. I believe that a combination of factors involving both nurture and nature shape Wringhim into the suffering creature that he becomes. The greatest of these factors include Paranoia Schizophrenia, Multiple Personality Disorder, and the rejection of society. To my limited medical knowledge, I understand Wringhim to suffer from a severe case of Paranoia Schizophrenia among other forms of mental illnesses. There is evidence for this theory in the novel. For example, it is typical for victims of this medical condition to have an immense fear that literally controls their life. In the early pages of the book, Wringhim discusses this paranoid fear which consumes his life. My heart quakes with terror, when I thought of being still living in a state of reprobation, subjected to the awful issues of death, judgment, and eternal misery...( Hobbes 118). This fear of death, judgment and eternal misery controls him and becomes all he thinks about. He goes on to describe that he prays three times a day and seven times on the Sabbath to cope with this fear of damnation. However, even though Wringhim is obsessed with the security of his salvation earlier in the novel, this fear appears to diminish by an overwhelming sense of security that he is elected to be saved from the eternal flames fire, after his father bargains with God for Robert s soul (130). Although there is little evidence to support this theory, it is not unintelligent for one to believe that Wringhims original fear of eternal damnation persists throughout his lifetime, even after he realize...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Discourse Analyse of the Simpsons Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discourse Analyse of the Simpsons - Essay Example 1. Why does everything have to be a movie? 2. The Simpsons has been tooling along for 18 years now as a TV show 3. and genuine cultural institution 4. and even if its quality has dipped in the last few years, 5. it remains ideally consumed in half-hour increments, perhaps with the occasional extra-long episode. 6. The adventures of the titular family 7. and the dozens of eccentric characters who inhabit Springfield are generally fast-paced 8. and densely packed with jokes, 9. with absurd plots that would fall apart 10. if stretched beyond sitcom length. 11. That’s not a flaw; 12. it’s a perfect recipe for a good TV show. 13. But now we have The Simpsons Movie, a feature-length version of the show that has some snazzier animation 14. but otherwise amounts to a decent oversized episode. 15. For dedicated fans, especially those who remain regular viewers in the show’s later years, this will probably be enough.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Has there been a change in women's rights in the last 10 years in Iran Essay

Has there been a change in women's rights in the last 10 years in Iran and Afghanistan Why or why not - Essay Example Women were even not allowed to attain social forums or talk shows throughout the 20th century. Women employment was not accepted legally and voting rights were also not given to the women of Afghanistan. The trend was also common in other countries of the Middle East, such as Iran. The Iranian women were exempted from social rights like education, marriage, divorce, sports and health rights. The Iranian women were also not given reproduction rights or abortion rights. According to the Iranian law, birth rights and family planning were decided by the males of the society. From the 19th century and throughout the 20th century, Afghan rulers made several attempts to reduce the restrictions imposed on women. Most of the attempts towards the change of women rights were unsuccessful but some of the changes were incorporated successfully, related to health and education. Similarly, the Iranian women played significant role during the Persian Constitutional Revolution for betterment of their social positions and their fight for betterment of women in the society still continues. In the 21st century it has been observed that women of Afghanistan and Iran are allowed to attain education by going to schools and colleges and they are also allowed to get employment. In the later part of 20th century, it has also been observed that Persian women are allowed to take part in journalism courses, which is a positive significance towards the country’s development. This assignment highlights the important changes in women rights that occurred between 2003 and 2014 along with the reasons behind the transformations that happened. The assignment is based on observations collected from important articles. It also contains information provided by theorists and researchers towards the idea of women empowerment and their rights. The analysis is done based on observations collected from historical progresses to the current situations. It is clear that the women rights in

Monday, November 18, 2019

Domestic Crime Rate and the Right to Bear Arms Research Paper

Domestic Crime Rate and the Right to Bear Arms - Research Paper Example Furthermore, in Unites States v Cruikshank and Presser v Illinois, the court held that the Second Amendment restricted only the federal government. Several of the state laws relating to the ownership of guns have been upheld on the basis of these decisions (Vernick , Rutkow , Webster , & Teret , 2011, p. 2022). Main Body The Gun Control Act of 1968, provides that no convicted felon should possess firearms. This has been amended by the Lautenberg Amendment, which extends the preclusion of firearms possession to individuals convicted of misdemeanor crimes of domestic violence. This amendment was aimed at preventing the convicted perpetrators of domestic violence from carrying firearms (Guns and domestic violence, 2008, p. B4). In addition, armed domestic abusers pose a very great risk. In fact, around 67% of the females who are killed by firearms have been shot by their intimate partner. The weapon of choice in intimate partner homicide is the firearm. There is a five – fold inc rease of risk of homicide for females, when firearms are present in the home. These are indeed disquieting figures, and such data induced Congress to amend the Gun Control Act on several occasions. For instance, in 1994, an amendment was made to this Act, which precluded any individual subject to a domestic violence protective order, from possessing a firearm. This was followed, in the year 1996, by the Lautenberg Amendment, which prohibited any individual convicted of a misdemeanor crime of domestic violence from possessing a firearm (Wilkinson & Meisner, 2011). However, in the absence of the necessary level of regulation and supervision over entities that could make substantial profits by evading the laws, an effective gun control mechanism cannot be implemented. To its discredit, Congress... The Second Amendment Rights to bear firearms is not an exclusive right granted by the constitution. It does have limitations to provide a restraint on bearing firearms under certain circumstances. The federal law and the laws of many states do not permit an individual who has been convicted of a misdemeanor of domestic violence or who is under a restraining order to possess a firearm. However, there are several shortcomings, when it comes to implementing these laws. There is considerable scope for improving the situation, and there should be proactive initiatives to confiscate weapons from the prohibited intimate partner violence offenders. All the same, laws that preclude the possession of firearms by such individuals, actually bring down instances of domestic homicide. Reckless act of violence could be significantly reduced by having tougher gun control law in place. It would indeed be very helpful, if a license had to be obtained by every purchaser of a handgun. In addition, the l icense should be provided only after the purchaser had completed a course on the responsible use of firearms.

Friday, November 15, 2019

Current Status of Gene Therapy Research

Current Status of Gene Therapy Research Genes, which are carried on chromosomes, are the basic physical and functional units of heredity. Genes are specific sequences of bases that encode instructions on how to make proteins. Although genes get a lot of attention, its the proteins that perform most life functions and even make up the majority of cellular structures. When genes are altered so that the encoded proteins are unable to carry out their normal functions, genetic disorders can result. Gene therapy is a technique for correcting defective genes responsible for disease development. Researchers may use one of several approaches for correcting faulty genes: A normal gene may be inserted into a nonspecific location within the genome to replace a nonfunctional gene. This approach is most common. An abnormal gene could be swapped for a normal gene through homologous recombination. The abnormal gene could be repaired through selective reverse mutation, which returns the gene to its normal function. The regulation (the degree to which a gene is turned on or off) of a particular gene could be altered. How does gene therapy work? In most gene therapy studies, a normal gene is inserted into the genome to replace an abnormal, disease-causing gene. A carrier molecule called a vector must be used to deliver the therapeutic gene to the patients target cells. Currently, the most common vector is a virus that has been genetically altered to carry normal human DNA. Viruses have evolved a way of encapsulating and delivering their genes to human cells in a pathogenic manner. Scientists have tried to take advantage of this capability and manipulate the virus genome to remove disease-causing genes and insert therapeutic genes. Target cells such as the patients liver or lung cells are infected with the viral vector. The vector then unloads its genetic material containing the therapeutic human gene into the target cell. The generation of a functional protein product from the therapeutic gene restores the target cell to a normal state. See adiagram  depicting this process. Some of the different types of viruses used as gene therapy vectors: Retroviruses   A class of viruses that can create double-stranded DNA copies of their RNA genomes. These copies of its genome can be integrated into the chromosomes of host cells. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus. Adenoviruses   A class of viruses with double-stranded DNA genomes that cause respiratory, intestinal, and eye infections in humans. The virus that causes the common cold is an adenovirus. Adeno-associated viruses   A class of small, single-stranded DNA viruses that can insert their genetic material at a specific site on chromosome 19. Herpes simplex viruses   A class of double-stranded DNA viruses that infect a particular cell type, neurons. Herpes simplex virus type 1 is a common human pathogen that causes cold sores. Besides virus-mediated gene-delivery systems, there are several nonviral options for gene delivery. The simplest method is the direct introduction of therapeutic DNA into target cells. This approach is limited in its application because it can be used only with certain tissues and requires large amounts of DNA. Another nonviral approach involves the creation of an artificial lipid sphere with an aqueous core. This liposome, which carries the therapeutic DNA, is capable of passing the DNA through the target cells membrane. Therapeutic DNA also can get inside target cells by chemically linking the DNA to a molecule that will bind to special cell receptors. Once bound to these receptors, the therapeutic DNA constructs are engulfed by the cell membrane and passed into the interior of the target cell. This delivery system tends to be less effective than other options. Researchers also are experimenting with introducing a 47th (artificial human) chromosome into target cells. This chromosome would exist autonomously alongside the standard 46 not affecting their workings or causing any mutations. It would be a large vector capable of carrying substantial amounts of genetic code, and scientists anticipate that, because of its construction and autonomy, the bodys immune systems would not attack it. A problem with this potential method is the difficulty in delivering such a large molecule to the nucleus of a target cell. What is the current status of gene therapy research? The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not yet approved any human gene therapy product for sale. Current gene therapy is experimental and has not proven very successful in clinical trials. Little progress has been made since the first gene therapy clinical trial began in 1990. In 1999, gene therapy suffered a major setback with the death of 18-year-old Jesse Gelsinger. Jesse was participating in a gene therapy trial for ornithine transcarboxylase deficiency (OTCD). He died from multiple organ failures 4 days after starting the treatment. His death is believed to have been triggered by a severe immune response to the adenovirus carrier. Another major blow came in January 2003, when the FDA placed a temporary halt on all gene therapy trials using retroviral vectors in blood stem cells. FDA took this action after it learned that a second child treated in a French gene therapy trial had developed a leukemia-like condition. Both this child and another who had developed a similar condition in August 2002 had been successfully treated by gene therapy for X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency disease (X-SCID), also known as bubble baby syndrome. FDAs Biological Response Modifiers Advisory Committee (BRMAC) met at the end of February 2003 to discuss possible measures that could allow a number of retroviral gene therapy trials for treatment of life-threatening diseases to proceed with appropriate safeguards. In April of 2003 the FDA eased the ban on gene therapy trials using retroviral vectors in blood stem cells. What factors have kept gene therapy from becoming an effective treatment for genetic disease? Short-lived nature of gene therapy   Before gene therapy can become a permanent cure for any condition, the therapeutic DNA introduced into target cells must remain functional and the cells containing the therapeutic DNA must be long-lived and stable. Problems with integrating therapeutic DNA into the genome and the rapidly dividing nature of many cells prevent gene therapy from achieving any long-term benefits. Patients will have to undergo multiple rounds of gene therapy. Immune response   Anytime a foreign object is introduced into human tissues, the immune system is designed to attack the invader. The risk of stimulating the immune system in a way that reduces gene therapy effectiveness is always a potential risk. Furthermore, the immune systems enhanced response to invaders it has seen before makes it difficult for gene therapy to be repeated in patients. Problems with viral vectors   Viruses, while the carrier of choice in most gene therapy studies, present a variety of potential problems to the patient toxicity, immune and inflammatory responses, and gene control and targeting issues. In addition, there is always the fear that the viral vector, once inside the patient, may recover its ability to cause disease. Multigene disorders   Conditions or disorders that arise from mutations in a single gene are the best candidates for gene therapy. Unfortunately, some the most commonly occurring disorders, such as heart disease, high blood pressure, Alzheimers disease, arthritis, and diabetes, are caused by the combined effects of variations in many genes. Multigene or multifactorial disorders such as these would be especially difficult to treat effectively using gene therapy. For more information on different types of genetic disease, see  Genetic Disease Information. What are some recent developments in gene therapy research? Nanotechnology + gene therapy yields treatment to torpedo cancer. March, 2009. The School of Pharmacy in London is testing a treatment in mice, which delivers genes wrapped in nanoparticles to cancer cells to target and destroy hard-to-reach cancer cells. Read  BBC article. Results of worlds first gene therapy for inherited blindness show sight improvement. 28 April 2008. UK researchers from the UCL Institute of Ophthalmology and Moorfields Eye Hospital NIHR Biomedical Research Centre have announced results from the worlds first clinical trial to test a revolutionary gene therapy treatment for a type of inherited blindness. The results, published today in the New England Journal of Medicine, show that the experimental treatment is safe and can improve sight. The findings are a landmark for gene therapy technology and could have a significant impact on future treatments for eye disease. Read  Press Release. Previous information on this trial (May 1, 2007): A team of British doctors from Moorfields Eye Hospital and University College in London conduct first human gene therapy trials to treat Lebers congenital amaurosis, a type of inherited childhood blindness caused by a single abnormal gene. The procedure has already been successful at restoring vision for dogs. This is the first trial to use gene therapy in an operation to treat blindness in humans. See  Doctors Test Gene Therapy to Treat Blindness  at www.reuters.com.   A combination of two tumor suppressing genes delivered in lipid-based nanoparticles drastically reduces the number and size of human lung cancer tumors in mice during trials conducted by researchers from The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center. See  Dual Gene Therapy Suppresses Lung Cancer in Preclinical Test  at www.newswise.com (January 11, 2007). Researchers at the National Cancer Institute (NCI), part of the National Institutes of Health, successfully reengineer immune cells, called lymphocytes, to target and attack cancer cells in patients with advanced metastatic melanoma. This is the first time that gene therapy is used to successfully treat cancer in humans. See  New Method of Gene Therapy Alters Immune Cells for Treatment of Advanced Melanoma  at www.cancer.gov (August 30, 2006).   Gene therapy is effectively used to treat two adult patients for a disease affecting nonlymphocytic white blood cells called myeloid cells. Myeloid disorders are common and include a variety of bone marrow failure syndromes, such as acute myeloid leukemia. The study is the first to show that gene therapy can cure diseases of the myeloid system. See  Gene Therapy Appears to Cure Myeloid Blood Diseases In Groundbreaking International Studyat www.cincinnatichildrens.org (March 31, 2006).   Gene Therapy cures deafness in guinea pigs. Each animal had been deafened by destruction of the hair cells in the cochlea that translate sound vibrations into nerve signals. A gene, called  Atoh1,  which stimulates the hair cells growth, was delivered to the cochlea by an adenovirus. The genes triggered re-growth of the hair cells and many of the animals regained up to 80% of their original hearing thresholds. This study, which many pave the way to human trials of the gene, is the first to show that gene therapy can repair deafness in animals. See  Gene Therapy is First Deafness Cure  at NewScientist.com (February 11, 2005). University of California, Los Angeles, research team gets genes into the brain using liposomes coated in a polymer call polyethylene glycol (PEG). The transfer of genes into the brain is a significant achievement because viral vectors are too big to get across the blood-brain barrier. This method has potential for treating Parkinsons disease. See  Undercover Genes Slip into the Brain  at NewScientist.com (March 20, 2003). RNA interference or gene silencing may be a new way to treat Huntingtons. Short pieces of double-stranded RNA (short, interfering RNAs or siRNAs) are used by cells to degrade RNA of a particular sequence. If a siRNA is designed to match the RNA copied from a faulty gene, then the abnormal protein product of that gene will not be produced. See  Gene Therapy May Switch off Huntingtons  at NewScientist.com (March 13, 2003). New gene therapy approach repairs errors in messenger RNA derived from defective genes. Technique has potential to treat the blood disorder thalassaemia, cystic fibrosis, and some cancers. See  Subtle Gene Therapy Tackles Blood Disorder  at NewScientist.com (October 11, 2002). Gene therapy for treating children with X-SCID (sever combined immunodeficiency) or the bubble boy disease is stopped in France when the treatment causes leukemia in one of the patients. See  Miracle Gene Therapy Trial Halted  at NewScientist.com (October 3, 2002). Researchers at Case Western Reserve University and Copernicus Therapeutics are able to create tiny liposomes 25 nanometers across that can carry therapeutic DNA through pores in the nuclear membrane. See  DNA Nanoballs Boost Gene Therapy  at NewScientist.com (May 12, 2002).   Sickle cell is successfully treated in mice. See  Murine Gene Therapy Corrects Symptoms of Sickle Cell Disease  from March 18, 2002, issue of  The Scientist. What are some of the ethical considerations for using gene therapy? Some Questions to Consider What is normal and what is a disability or disorder, and who decides?   Are disabilities diseases? Do they need to be cured or prevented?   Does searching for a cure demean the lives of individuals presently affected by disabilities?   Is somatic gene therapy (which is done in the adult cells of persons known to have the disease) more or less ethical than germline gene therapy (which is done in egg and sperm cells and prevents the trait from being passed on to further generations)? In cases of somatic gene therapy, the procedure may have to be repeated in future generations.   Preliminary attempts at gene therapy are exorbitantly expensive. Who will have access to these therapies? Who will pay for their use?

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Software Piracy Essay -- Illegal Computer Software Program Distributio

Software Piracy Software piracy is the illegal reproduction and distribution of software applications, whether it is for personal use or business. In society today, Internet users are obtaining millions of dollars in software illegally. Piracy includes the illegal copying of programs, counterfeiting and distributing software, and even sharing a program with a friend. Software has become such an important productivity tool, the illegal copying and distribution of software piracy persists globally. In fact, in the United States is one in four software programs that is unlicensed. According to the Business Software Alliance (BSA), more than 800,000 web sites illegally sell or distribute software (Microsoft.com). There are many types of software piracy such as uploading and downloading, softlifting, counterfeiting, OEM bundling, hard disk loading and renting. By having familiarity with them can protect you from any connection. Softlifting is purchasing a licensed copy of software and uploading it on several computers against the license terms. Some examples of softlifting are sharing software with friends, co-workers and others. Uploading and downloading is another form of piracy, such as when making unauthorized copies of copyrighted software available to end users connected by a modem to online service providers and or the Internet. Another one is software counterfeiting which is illegal duplicating and selling copyrighted software and a form designed to make it appear legitimate. OEM bundling is selling stand alone software that was intended to be bundled with specific accompanying hardware. Hard disk loading is installing unauthorized copies of software onto the hard disks of personal com puters, often as an incentive for th... ...t the economic implications of software piracy and software copyrights. Other analysts feel that copyright enforcement should be increased by implementing more efforts to prosecute pirates ( Parsons 165). Survey about Software Piracy Survey questions on Software Piracy YES NO 1. Do you know what software piracy actually is? 15 10 2. Do you know the negative effects of software piracy? 8 12 3. Do you even care about software piracy? 16 9 4. Do you feel that the media discusses the issue of software piracy? 7 13 Works Cited www.microsoft.com www.aladdin.com Computer Concepts. New Perspectives. June Parsons. Course Technology. 5 Feb 2003.